20 December 2024

5 min read

Working in a winter wonderland

The ups and downs of a seed collection adventure in the wilds of Greenland

A line of geese standing on grass and silhouetted against the sea behind. Two icebergs float in the water.

As we stepped off the boat onto the shores of Disko Island, I couldn’t help but wonder who had decided to name this place Greenland – did they ever come and take a look? 

It was supposedly summer, but there were icebergs floating in the natural harbour, and the mountains above the small town of Qeqertarsuaq loomed large and grey – there was very little green to be seen. 

Despite appearances, there were plants growing on the island. Greenland is host to 583 different plant species, and the warmer seas around the west coast mean that roughly half of them can be found on Disko Island.  

I was accompanied on this adventure by Dr Elinor Breman, and our mission was to find these plants, identify them, and collect their seeds, as part of a wider project to store the seeds of Artic flora in the Millennium Seed Bank. 

Arctic plants are experiencing global warming more rapidly than any others on the planet, and so we’re collecting their seeds to protect and conserve them for future generations. 

A view out to sea. In the foreground are lots of plants and two discarded rucksacks. A person is standing between some rocks with icebergs behind
Collecting seeds from the local arctic flora, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

We were supposed to be a team of three, but our botanist, Dr Stina Westrand from Gothenburg Botanical Garden, fell ill just before we left. 

Stina is an expert on Arctic flora, and we were relying on her expertise to identify the plants we were collecting from. Thankfully, she had a solution – she forwarded a comprehensive identification book to our hotel in Copenhagen, which was waiting for us when we arrived, late at night, in mid-August. 

Two planes and a boat trip later, we alighted at Disko Island to discover that, in the bustle of transporting so much field kit and collection tools, we had left the identification guide back in Copenhagen. At least this would be a chance to clean the rust from our wild botanical identification knowledge! 

A small blue house with a woman walking in front of it
Our home for the first week on Disko Island! Anna Pajdo © RBG kew

Our home for the first week was a cosy blue house on the edge of town, facing toward the bay. The view of icebergs calving out the living room window made up for the lack of a flushing toilet! 

The first day was spent shopping for essential supplies and looking for plants in seed. Thankfully, Ellinor and Mikael, two very friendly botanists from the University of Gothenberg, a partner in the project, turned out to be at the local research station and were happy to help us with plant identification. 

On our way home, we collected seeds from Honchenya peploides subsp. Diffusa along the black sand beach as icebergs bobbed by. 

A woman with white hair crouched on a dark sand beach with mountains and houses in the background. She is holding a brown paper bag and collecting seeds from a yellow plant
Elinor Breman collecting seeds from Honchenya peploides subsp. Diffusa on the beach outside Qeqertarsuaq, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

Collecting seeds isn’t as straightforward as it sounds – we aim for at least 10,000 seeds per species, so we have to do lots of calculation to make sure the population is large enough to collect from without impacting natural regeneration. We also take a herbarium specimen as a ‘voucher’ to keep alongside the seeds, so that we can confirm their identity down the line. 

Previous Arctic expeditions involved much larger teams of people so the workload could be split up and many seeds collected. With just the two of us and ten days on the island, we were aiming to collect from about 20 species. 

Close-up of seeds held in the hand
Checking quality ahead of collecting Bistorta vivipera on Disko Island, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew
Various paper trays full of collections of different types of seeds
Sorted containers of seeds collected on the trip and laid out to dry, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

Over the next week or so we collected from crevices in rocky hillsides and beaches, near waterfalls and amongst basalt columns – walking along lava flows and ridges in the biting wind. The flora on the island grows close to the ground to protect against this very wind – the only tree we found was the Salix, growing stunted and shrublike against the rocks.  

The hard work bears a reward at the end of the day. In the evenings we sat outside our little house and admired the view across the bay, as the sunlight stuck around late into the night. On one memorable occasion we harvested ice from an actual iceberg to put in our glasses of whisky. 

We spent a lot of time trying to tell the difference between different species of the same genus, helped immensely by the friendly botanists at the research station.  

One night, we invited them round for pizza and plant identification, and in trying to double the usual pizza recipe, I accidentally quadrupled it, leaving us with far, far too much pizza! Elinor and I were stuck eating the leftovers for days. 

A grass-like plant with seeds at its tip growing from pebbly soil
Micranthes nivalis, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew
A small plant with green leaves and brown-red seeds growing out of a crack in some rocks
Saxifraga rivalaris, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

It wasn’t all fun and games - we had planned to spend two days in the middle of our stay collecting plants from the higher, more inaccessible reaches of the island, with the help of a local guide. 

We awoke the morning of the expedition and looked out of the window to see... nothing. The cloud cover was right down to the village and the mountain we were aiming for wasn’t even visible. To top it all off, our guide was feeling dizzy and told us we could only hike for a single day. 

A man dressed in waterproofs standing on a path with three tiny black and white puppies
Our guide, Hans Christian (and some puppies!) on the route up the mountain, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

Regardless, we set off into the cold and the wet and began to climb, past the edges of the town where the sledge-dogs were kept through the summer months. I had tried to feed some of the dogs closer to our house, but the guide gave me a telling-off – apparently they’re fed very little in summer, as the weather is so warm they might overheat. 

The weather being too warm seemed ridiculous as my ears froze underneath my three hoods. 

As the day grew wetter and drearier and we grew more and more tired, we eventually turned and headed back to the village, stopping to collect seeds from the Arnica angustifolia that filled the gullies as we went. 

Two people standing on a plateau with a peak in the distance, shrouded in cloud
A wet, windy day in the mountains, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

After ten long days of identification, collecting, hiking and sorting through specimens we had twenty-four full seed collections ready to head back to the MSB.  The ferry ride back was freezing cold, but magical – the ice floe was breaking up and the sea was thick with ice. 

Two women wrapped up warm on a boat. One is holding a tiny disco ball as the mountains of Disko Island are visible in the distance
Admiring Disko Island (with a disco ball!) from the boat, Anna Pajdo © RBG Kew

Three days later we were back at the MSB, where the seeds we collected will be dried and stored in the underground vault with the rest of our Arctic collection. The project is supported by the Marris-Webbe Charitable Trust and aims to understand and conserve the beautiful Arctic flora for generations to come. 

It was a bit of a shock being back at my regular work preparing seeds for storage at the MSB, but spending time in the -20C freezer was a whole lot more comfortable after two weeks in the Arctic! 

A person wearing a yellow hat and black coat in front of a rocky arctic landscape

Why we collected nearly 300,000 seeds from the Arctic

Watch the film about Kew's previous trip to the Arctic, this time in Sweden!

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